This coursework assignment is to investigate resistance Essay Example for Free

This coursework assignment is to investigate resistance Essay To investigate it, we must first understand it. What is it? Where does it come from? The most fundamental basis to understanding resistance is to know about current. Electric current is a flow of electric charges. Like water in a heating system, the charged particles are already in the conductors. Most electrons in a conductor (e. g. copper) are held tightly to their atoms, but each atom in a conductor has a couple of electrons that are loosely held. Since the electrons are negatively charged, an atom that loses an electron is left with a positive charge (since the protons remain), and is called an ion. This means that copper (and all similar conductors) consist of a lattice of ions surrounded by free electrons. The ions can only vibrate in their current state, but the electrons can move randomly throughout the lattice. All metals (conductors) are made this way. When a battery is attached to a metal, the free electrons are repelled by the negative terminal and attracted by the positive one. They still move randomly, but they all move slowly in the same direction with a steady drift velocity. This is a flow of charge, an electric current. Current is measured in Amps (I). A simple circuit through a conductor looks like this: The greater the resistance of a component, the harder it is for charge to flow through it. In a conductor with a higher resistance, the electrons have more collisions with the ions than if they were flowing through a conductor with lower resistance. If there is a potential difference (Voltage, V) across a conductor, a current (Amps, I) goes through it. But when you apply the same potential difference across different conductors, the currents are different. For example, if we put a potential difference of 230V across a kettle and toaster, the current in the kettle is 10A, whereas the current in the toaster is only 5A. The current is smaller in the toaster so it must have a higher resistance. Resistance is measured in ohms (? ) and has this definition: The resistance of a conductor is the ratio of potential difference applied across it, to the current passing through it So the formula for resistance is: Resistance, R = Potential difference across the conductor, V (volts) (? ) Current through the conductor, I (amps) or R = V or V = I R I As the potential difference doubles, so does the current. This means the resistance of a wire is constant. This rule was discovered by Georg Ohm and is true for all metals at a constant temperature. As long as a metal is kept at a constant temperature, the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it This is ohms law, and it can help us to get good results. There are a number of factors affecting how much resistance a conductor has. They are these: Type of material Different conductors have different levels of resistivity. E. g. Copper has a much lower resistance than nichrome.   Length A short wire has less resistance than a long one. The free electrons have to travel a farther distance in the long wire, passing between more ions. This increases the chances of an electron hitting one, therefore there are more collisions, thus a higher resistance.   Cross-sectional area A thin wire has more resistance than a thick one. This is simple due to the fact that more electrons can flow through a thicker wire, similar to the way more water can pass through a wider pipe. Temperature In metals, a hot wire has more resistance than a cold one. This is because, as a metal heats up, the ions vibrate more. This increases the chance of them colliding with electrons, thus there is a higher resistance. The resistance of a wire at constant temperature depends on its dimensions, and the material from which it is made. Every material has a property called its resistivity (p). It is measured in ohm metres (? m). The higher the resistivity, the harder it is to charge flow through the material. Conductors have low resistivities and insulators have very high ones. If we know the resistivity, the cross-sectional area and the length of a sample material, we can calculate its resistance thus: Resistance, R = Resistivity, p (? m) x length, l (m) or R = p l (? ) Cross-sectional area, A (m2) A So now that we understand what resistance what are we going to do with it? Why an experiment of course! Im going to be investigating how the length of a wire affects the resistance. I will try passing the same voltage through different lengths of the same wire and see how length affects the resistivity. Prediction I predict that the longer the wire is, the higher the resistance.

Essay --

Beech, Anthony R, Leam A Craig and Kevin D Brown. 2009. ‘’A Community Residential Treatment Approach for Sexual Abusers’’, Assessment and Treatment of Sex Offenders: A Handbook. Eldridge, Hilary and Donald Findlater. 349-364. West Sussex, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This chapter focuses on the Wolvercote Clinic, a positive treatment facility for high risk sex offenders to gain skills to assist them in their rehabilitation process and prepare them for life in the community. The authors acknowledge that it is essential for offenders to be taught skills in recognising and dealing with emotional and physical risk factors, managing feelings, developing social and positive thinking skills as well as sexual fantasy management. The authors argue that without the teaching of these skills in the facility, sexual offenders will find it challenging to reintegrate into the community which could lead to offence relapse. This chapter was useful in identifying key skills that sex offenders must obtain before being released into the community to heighten the chances of success and for that reason it could assist me in my role as a probation and parole officer in my scenario (nine). Brown, Kevin, Jon Spencer, Jo Deakin, 2007, ‘’The Reintegration of Sex Offenders: Barriers and Opportunities for Employment’’, The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 46 (1) 32-42, accessed 10 March 2014, DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2311.2007.00452.x This article focuses on the barriers faced by sex offenders, regarding employment, and the anxieties that employers experience when employing sex offenders. The authors address the main barriers of employment, including poor levels of education and skills, employer discrimination, drug and alcohol addiction, lack of family support, an... ...306624X11426132 This article reports on research conducted regarding convicted child sex offender’s expectations and experiences of reintegration into the community both prior and post release. It is noted that the majority of sex offenders interviewed feared their release and struggled to live in society once released. The authors argue that this is a result of simplistic reintegration planning that aimed to manage risk factors rather than promote rehabilitation. The authors acknowledge the need for reintegration processes to consider the requirements of offenders, victims and the community in order to be effective. This article was useful for showing the importance of comprehensive reintegration plans to make the outcome satisfying to the offender and the community and for that reason could assist me in my role as a probation and parole officer in scenario nine.

The Host Chapter 56: Welded

Ian glared down at the three of us with such fury that Sunny shivered in terror. It was an odd thing-as if Kyle and Ian had switched faces. Except Ian's face was still perfect, unbroken. Beautiful, even though it was enraged. â€Å"Ian?† Kyle asked, bewildered. â€Å"What's the problem?† Ian spoke from between his locked teeth. â€Å"Wanda,† he growled, and held his hand out. It looked as if he was having a hard time keeping that hand open, not clenching it into a fist. Uh-oh, Mel thought. Misery swept through me. I didn't want to say goodbye to Ian, and now I would have to. Of course I had to. I would be wrong to sneak out in the night like a thief and leave all my goodbyes to Melanie. Ian, tired of waiting, grabbed my arm and hauled me up from the floor. When Sunny seemed like she was coming along, too, still joined to my side, Ian shook me until she fell off. â€Å"What is with you?† Kyle demanded. Ian hauled his knee back and smashed his foot hard into Kyle's face. â€Å"Ian!† I protested. Sunny threw herself in front of Kyle-who was holding his hand to his nose and struggling to get to his feet-and tried to shield him with her tiny body. This knocked him off balance, back to the floor, and he groaned. â€Å"C'mon,† Ian snarled, dragging me away from them without a backward glance. â€Å"Ian -â€Å" He wrenched me roughly along, making it impossible for me to speak. That was fine. I had no idea what to say. I saw everyone's startled face flash by in a blur. I was worried he was going to upset the unnamed woman. She wasn't used to anger and violence. And then we jerked to a stop. Jared was blocking the exit. â€Å"Have you lost your mind, Ian?† he asked, shocked and outraged. â€Å"What are you doing to her?† â€Å"Did you know about this?† Ian shouted back, shoving me toward Jared and shaking me at him. Behind us, a whimper. He was scaring them. â€Å"You're going to hurt her!† â€Å"Do you know what she's planning?† Ian roared. Jared stared at Ian, his face suddenly closed off. He didn't answer. That was answer enough for Ian. Ian's fist struck Jared so fast that I missed the blow-I just felt the lurch in his body and saw Jared reel back into the dark hall. â€Å"Ian, stop,† I begged. â€Å"You stop,† he growled back at me. He yanked me through the arch into the tunnel, then pulled me north. I had to almost run to keep up with his longer stride. â€Å"O'Shea!† Jared shouted after us. â€Å"I'm going to hurt her?† Ian roared back over his shoulder, not breaking pace. â€Å"I am? You hypocritical swine!† There was nothing but silence and blackness behind us now. I stumbled in the dark, trying to keep up. It was then that I began to feel the throbbing from Ian's grip. His hand was tight as a tourniquet around my upper arm, his long fingers making the circle easily and then overlapping. My hand was going numb. He jerked me along faster, and my breath caught in a moan, almost a cry of pain. The sound made Ian stumble to a stop. His breathing was hoarse in the darkness. â€Å"Ian, Ian, I†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I choked, unable to finish. I didn't know what to say, picturing his furious face. His arms caught me up abruptly, yanking my feet out from under me and then catching my shoulders before I could fall. He started running forward again, carrying me now. His hands were not rough and angry like before; he cradled me against his chest. He ran right through the big plaza, ignoring the surprised and even suspicious faces. There was too much that was unfamiliar and uncomfortable going on in the caves right now. The humans here-Violetta, Geoffrey, Andy, Paige, Aaron, Brandt, and more I couldn't see well as we jolted past-were skittish. It disturbed them to see Ian running headlong through them, face twisted with rage, with me in his arms. And then they were behind us. He didn't pause until we reached the doors leaning against his and Kyle's room. He kicked the red one out of the way-it hit the stone floor with an echoing boom-and dropped me onto the mattress on the floor. Ian stood above me, his chest heaving with exertion and fury. For a second he turned away and put the door back in place with one swift wrench. And then he was glowering again. I took a deep breath and rolled up onto my knees, holding my hands out, palms up, wishing that some magic would appear in them. Something I could give him, something I could say. But my hands were empty. â€Å"You. Are. Not. Leaving. Me.† His eyes blazed-burning brighter than I had ever seen them, blue flames. â€Å"Ian,† I whispered. â€Å"You have to see that†¦ that I can't stay. You must see that.† â€Å"No!† he shouted at me. I cringed back, and, abruptly, Ian crumpled forward, falling to his knees, falling into me. He buried his head in my stomach, and his arms locked around my waist. He was shaking, shaking hard, and loud, desperate sobs were breaking out of his chest. â€Å"No, Ian, no,† I begged. This was so much worse than his anger. â€Å"Don't, please. Please, don't.† â€Å"Wanda,† he moaned. â€Å"Ian, please. Don't feel this way. Don't. I'm so sorry. Please.† I was crying, too, shaking, too, though that might have been him shaking me. â€Å"You can't leave.† â€Å"I have to, I have to,† I sobbed. And then we cried wordlessly for a long time. His tears dried before mine. Eventually, he straightened up and pulled me into his arms again. He waited until I was able to speak. â€Å"Sorry,† he whispered. â€Å"I was mean.† â€Å"No, no. I'm sorry. I should have told you, when you didn't guess. I just†¦ I couldn't. I didn't want to tell you-to hurt you-to hurt me. It was selfish.† â€Å"We need to talk about this, Wanda. It's not a done deal. It can't be.† â€Å"It is.† He shook his head, clenching his teeth. â€Å"How long? How long have you been planning this?† â€Å"Since the Seeker,† I whispered. He nodded, seeming to expect this answer. â€Å"And you thought that you had to give up your secret to save her. I can understand that. But that doesn't mean you have to go anywhere. Just because Doc knows now†¦ that doesn't mean anything. If I'd thought for one minute that it did, that one action equaled the other, I wouldn't have stood there and let you show him. No one is going to force you to lie down on his blasted gurney! I'll break his hands if he tries to touch you!† â€Å"Ian, please.† â€Å"They can't make you, Wanda! Do you hear me?† He was shouting again. â€Å"No one is making me. I didn't show Doc how to do the separation so that I could save the Seeker,† I whispered. â€Å"The Seeker's being here just made me have to decide†¦ faster. I did it to save Mel, Ian.† His nostrils flared, and he said nothing. â€Å"She's trapped in here, Ian. It's like a prison-worse than that; I can't even describe it. She's like a ghost. And I can free her. I can give her herself back.† â€Å"You deserve a life, too, Wanda. You deserve to stay.† â€Å"But I love her, Ian.† He closed his eyes, and his pale lips went dead white. â€Å"But I love you,† he whispered. â€Å"Doesn't that matter?† â€Å"Of course it matters. So much. Can't you see? That only makes it more†¦ necessary.† His eyes flashed open. â€Å"Is it so unbearable to have me love you? Is that it? I can keep my mouth shut, Wanda. I won't say it again. You can be with Jared, if that's what you want. Just stay.† â€Å"No, Ian!† I took his face between my hands-his skin felt hard, strained tight over the bones. â€Å"No. I-I love you, too. Me, the little silver worm in the back of her head. But my body doesn't love you. It can't love you. I can never love you in this body, Ian. It pulls me in two. It's unbearable.† I could have borne it. But watching him suffer because of my body's limitations? Not that. He closed his eyes again. His thick black lashes were wet with tears. I could see them glisten. Oh, go ahead, Mel sighed. Do whatever you need to. I'll†¦ step into the other room, she added dryly. Thanks. I wrapped my arms around his neck and pulled myself closer to him until my lips touched his. He curled his arms around me, pulling me tighter against his chest. Our lips moved together, fusing as if they would never divide, as if separation was not the inevitable thing it was, and I could taste the salt of our tears. His and mine. Something began to change. When Melanie's body touched Jared's body, it was like a wildfire-a fast burn that raced across the surface of the desert and consumed everything in its path. With Ian it was different, so very different, because Melanie didn't love him the way I did. So when he touched me, it was deeper and slower than the wildfire, like the flow of molten rock far beneath the surface of the earth. Too deep to feel the heat of it, but it moved inexorably, changing the very foundations of the world with its advance. My unwilling body was a fog between us-a thick curtain, but gauzy enough that I could see through it, could see what was happening. It changed me, not her. It was almost a metallurgical process deep inside the core of who I was, something that had already begun, was already nearly forged. But this long, unbroken kiss finished it, searing and sharp edged-it shoved this new creation, all hissing, into the cold water that made it hard and final. Unbreakable. And I started to cry again, realizing that it must be changing him, too, this man who was kind enough to be a soul but strong as only a human could be. He moved his lips to my eyes, but it was too late. It was done. â€Å"Don't cry, Wanda. Don't cry. You're staying with me.† â€Å"Eight full lives,† I whispered against his jaw, my voice breaking. â€Å"Eight full lives and I never found anyone I would stay on a planet for, anyone I would follow when they left. I never found a partner. Why now? Why you? You're not of my species. How can you be my partner?† â€Å"It's a strange universe,† he murmured. â€Å"It's not fair,† I complained, echoing Sunny's words. It wasn't fair. How could I find this, find love-now, in this eleventh hour-and have to leave it? Was it fair that my soul and body couldn't reconcile? Was it fair that I had to love Melanie, too? Was it fair that Ian would suffer? He deserved happiness if anyone did. It wasn't fair or right or even†¦ sane. How could I do this to him? â€Å"I love you,† I whispered. â€Å"Don't say that like you're saying goodbye.† But I had to. â€Å"I, the soul called Wanderer, love you, human Ian. And that will never change, no matter what I might become.† I worded it carefully, so that there would be no lie in my voice. â€Å"If I were a Dolphin or a Bear or a Flower, it wouldn't matter. I would always love you, always remember you. You will be my only partner.† His arms stiffened, then constricted tighter around me, and I could feel the anger in them again. It was hard to breathe. â€Å"You're not wandering off anywhere. You're staying here.† â€Å"Ian -â€Å" But his voice was brusque now-angry, but also businesslike. â€Å"This isn't just for me. You're a part of this community, and you aren't getting kicked out without discussion. You are far too important to us all-even to the ones who would never admit it. We need you.† â€Å"No one's kicking me out, Ian.† â€Å"No. Not even you yourself, Wanderer.† He kissed me again, his mouth rougher with the return of the anger. His hand curled into a fist around my hair, and he pulled my face an inch away from his. â€Å"Good or bad?† he demanded. â€Å"Good.† â€Å"That's what I thought.† And his voice was a growl. He kissed me again. His arms were so tight around my ribs, his mouth so fierce against mine, that I was soon dizzy and gasping for air. He loosened his arms a little then and let his lips slide to my ear. â€Å"Let's go.† â€Å"Where? Where are we going?† I wasn't going anywhere, I knew that. And yet how my heart pounded when I thought of going away, somewhere, anywhere, with Ian. My Ian. He was mine, the way Jared never would be. The way this body could never be his. â€Å"Don't give me any trouble about this, Wanderer. I'm half out of my mind.† He pulled us both to our feet. â€Å"Where?† I insisted. â€Å"You're going down the eastern tunnel, past the field, to the end.† â€Å"The game room?† â€Å"Yes. And then you are going to wait there until I get the rest of them.† â€Å"Why?† His words sounded crazy to me. Did he want to play a game? To ease the tension again? â€Å"Because this will be discussed. I'm calling a tribunal, Wanderer, and you are going to abide by our decision.†

Questions On The Internet Technology - 1837 Words

Assignment 2 Of ITC212 Internet Technology â€Å"Short Answer Questions† Submitted to: Louis Hourany Submitted By: Upama ARYAL 11603918 ITC 212 Thursday Email: cathrina32@gmail.com Answer 1: The IPv4 has run out of addresses due to the rapid growth of number of devices connected to internet every year. Thus, IPv6 is in needed. IPv6 uses 128 bit for providing space for addresses whereas IPV4 uses 32 bit addressing which results in IPv6 having a very large increase in the availability of IP addresses and creating a lot of advantages(Reddy et al., 2012).But the advantage of IPv6 over IPv4 is not limited to this point. There are many other points that prove that IPv6 has advantages over IPv4. Some of them are as follows: a) More Efficient Routing IPv6 makes routing more efficient and hierarchical by reducing the size of routing tables. With IPv6, it is possible for ISPs to aggregate the prefixes of their customer’s network into one prefix and announce this very prefix to the IPv6 internet. Also, in the IPv6 networks, source device handles the fragmentation instead of the router by making use of a protocol for discovery of the path’s maximum transmission unit (â€Å"Six Benefits of IPv6,† 2011). b) More Efficient Packet Processing IPv6 has simplified packet header which makes packet processing more efficient. Unlike IPv4, Ipv6 contains no IP-level checksum. Thus, recalculating checksum at each router hop is not needed. It was achievable due to the factShow MoreRelatedQuestions On Technology And The Internet1439 Words   |  6 PagesMarguerite Haddad Professor Goblinger CMAT 102 4 December 4, 2016 Final Paper As technology continues to grow and the internet expands, generations continue to be glued to their phones and computers. Many people use the internet for work and school, but the majority is being used on social media such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. 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